How to Build a Turbine Model#
To build a turbine model, you need to create a YAML file that describes the turbine geometry and its components. The YAML file should follow the schema defined in the turbine_schema.yaml file, which is located in the windIO/schemas/turbine directory. The schema is written in YAML format and is used to validate the turbine model. The schema is also used to generate the documentation for the turbine model.
It is usually best to start from an existing turbine model and modify it to fit your needs.
Here we will walk through the YAML file of the IEA-15MW turbine, which is located in the windIO/examples/turbine/IEA-15-240-RWT-15MW.yaml file.
The YAML file is divided into several sections, each describing a different part of the turbine model. The top level sections are as follows:
windIO_version: Version of windIO used.
assembly: The field assembly includes nine entries that aim at describing the overall configuration of the wind turbine and its components.
components: Specifications for individual components like blades, tower, and nacelle.
airfoils: Database of airfoil coordinates, polars, and unsteady aero parameters.
materials: Database of materials used in the turbine model.
control: Control system.
Note that many text editors allow you to “fold” sections of the YAML file for easier navigation. Folding collapses sections of the file, making it easier to focus on specific parts of the turbine model. For example, you can fold the components section to hide its details while working on the assembly section. Consult your text editor’s documentation to learn how to use this feature. Here is an example of the assembly section from the IEA-15MW turbine YAML file:
assembly:
turbine_class: I
turbulence_class: B
drivetrain: direct_drive
rotor_orientation: Upwind
number_of_blades: 3
hub_height: 150.0
rotor_diameter: 241.35064632
rated_power: 15000000.0
lifetime: 25.0
Next, let’s look at the components section, which describes the individual components of the turbine.
Components#
Blade#
The blade section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine blade. It is divided into the following subfields:
reference_axis: Defines the reference axis of the blade in the blade root coordinate system. This axis is used as the basis for defining both the blade geometry and structural properties.
outer_shape: Describes the external geometry of the blade, including airfoil profiles and their distribution along the blade span. It also includes the blending of airfoil polars.
structure: Specifies the internal structure of the blade, including shear webs and composite material layers.
elastic_properties: Defines the stiffness and inertia properties of the blade, which are critical for structural dynamic analysis.
reference_axis#
An image representing the reference_axis of the blade is shown below.
This is how it looks for the IEA-15:
reference_axis:
x:
grid: [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.018400065266506227, 0.04225083661157623, 0.0713435070518306, 0.1036164118664373, 0.13698065932882636, 0.16947761902506267, 0.19850810716711273, 0.22314347791028566, 0.24053558565655847, 0.24886598803245524, 0.2502470372487695, 0.24941257744761433, 0.24756615214432298, 0.24481686563607896, 0.24130290560673967, 0.23698965095246982, 0.23242285078249267, 0.22531163517427788, 0.2110134548882222, 0.18623119147117725, 0.1479307251853749, 0.09847131457569316, 0.04111540547132665, -0.02233952894219675, -0.08884150619038655, -0.15891966620096387, -0.2407441175807782, -0.3366430472730907, -0.44693576549987823, -0.5680658106768092, -0.6975208703059096, -0.8321262196998409, -0.9699653368698024, -1.1090930486685822, -1.255144506570033, -1.4103667735456449, -1.5733007007462756, -1.7434963771088456, -1.9194542609028804, -2.1000907378795275, -2.285501961499942, -2.4756894577736315, -2.6734165188032692, -2.8782701025304545, -3.090085737186208, -3.308459127246535, -3.533712868740941, -3.7641269864926348, -4.0]
y:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
z:
grid: [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 2.387755102040816, 4.775510204081632, 7.163265306122448, 9.551020408163264, 11.938775510204081, 14.326530612244898, 16.714285714285715, 19.10204081632653, 21.489795918367346, 23.877551020408163, 26.265306122448976, 28.653061224489797, 31.04081632653061, 33.42857142857143, 35.81632653061224, 38.20408163265306, 40.59183673469388, 42.979591836734684, 45.36734693877551, 47.75510204081632, 50.14285714285714, 52.53061224489795, 54.91836734693877, 57.30612244897959, 59.69387755102041, 62.08163265306122, 64.46938775510203, 66.85714285714285, 69.24489795918367, 71.63265306122447, 74.0204081632653, 76.40816326530611, 78.79591836734693, 81.18367346938776, 83.57142857142857, 85.95918367346938, 88.3469387755102, 90.73469387755102, 93.12244897959182, 95.51020408163265, 97.89795918367345, 100.28571428571428, 102.6734693877551, 105.0612244897959, 107.44897959183673, 109.83673469387753, 112.22448979591836, 114.61224489795919, 117.0]
outer_shape#
Next, the outer_shape is defined. Here, follow the Detailed Documentation for the details.
It is important to note that each quantity that is distributed along the span is defined in terms of pairs of grid and values.
The field grid maps the distribution of the quantity along the curved length of the reference axis,
while values defines the value of the quantity at each grid point.
The grid is defined in terms of a list of values, which are normalized to the 3D curvilinear blade length.
outer_shape:
chord:
grid: &id001 [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 0.985, 0.99, 0.995, 1.0]
values: [5.2, 5.208839941579524, 5.237887092263203, 5.293325313383697, 5.3673398548149205, 5.452092684226667, 5.5400317285038465, 5.621824261194381, 5.692531175149338, 5.74261089072697, 5.764836827022541, 5.756119529852528, 5.70309851275065, 5.604676021602162, 5.471559126660524, 5.322778014171772, 5.16648228816705, 5.019421327310202, 4.885807888739599, 4.767959675121795, 4.654566079625438, 4.54103105171191, 4.42817557762473, 4.316958876583997, 4.207880735790049, 4.101646187027423, 3.9987123353123564, 3.8994086760515647, 3.803172543681295, 3.7093894536544263, 3.6171117415725322, 3.525634918177657, 3.434082670567315, 3.341933111457596, 3.2486784477614132, 3.156109679927359, 3.0645800048338336, 2.9729926470824872, 2.8807051066906166, 2.786969376686517, 2.6910309386270574, 2.591965555977676, 2.4893236475052167, 2.383917231097341, 2.2759238162069977, 2.165466732053696, 2.0526250825584818, 1.9377533268191636, 1.819662967336163, 1.7799216728668075, 1.7077871948468315, 1.472482673397968, 0.5000000000000001]
twist:
grid: [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 1.0]
values: [15.594553019711718, 15.587738611768888, 15.410834678783594, 14.94855563474368, 14.258454806785743, 13.397141637256267, 12.422019476827078, 11.394571316280787, 10.370976084968406, 9.403999874823057, 8.55152220118208, 7.833153039627247, 7.191354972096501, 6.551629060916145, 5.933995702189942, 5.346089613189348, 4.796333947019595, 4.296593562725417, 3.8469551946867853, 3.4453420567977457, 3.0769139097730203, 2.733562457425842, 2.4122346744420375, 2.111690772172129, 1.8283964552355059, 1.5587834208773341, 1.302436869719713, 1.0644273710738394, 0.8434461662411673, 0.636564186841789, 0.4370289000217617, 0.23965679333879802, 0.0396776881472392, -0.17282812434797473, -0.40708383138202187, -0.680377614461304, -0.999293610427649, -1.3205252555177112, -1.6232987620657153, -1.884368146311783, -2.086230093232373, -2.163998201705838, -2.1758411660849997, -2.1553037749751884, -2.102909521958467, -2.018403421317624, -1.8967432139727702, -1.7243257626604744, -1.5081251144016243, -1.2423877062729696]
section_offset_y:
grid: *id001
values: [2.6236363636363635, 2.552428876677513, 2.4759501862368163, 2.4032478908941446, 2.332902366312785, 2.266041752232591, 2.2045884375590665, 2.1435993839810132, 2.0805748978310072, 2.019146829465078, 1.960531253784299, 1.9056616134835656, 1.84839210272723, 1.7870357802149563, 1.721842623091503, 1.6579862579082694, 1.5956314860958807, 1.5389816994450558, 1.4870510043546192, 1.4393309852352654, 1.3926543891872003, 1.3463512922859022, 1.3017560617828952, 1.259935475513539, 1.2207478186076504, 1.1845824888557528, 1.1517344945723473, 1.122411683161836, 1.0950951476261201, 1.0702428728676987, 1.0474318269194929, 1.0263504176714462, 1.0062340081079209, 0.9866763793904084, 0.9674049168468856, 0.9486170108828925, 0.9303310321927184, 0.9118301180470353, 0.892680208662413, 0.8723513078550391, 0.8514164295360744, 0.8299761208422669, 0.8080920020475328, 0.7853915175016911, 0.7615993603443476, 0.7365164665224022, 0.710322399534955, 0.6834866509190205, 0.6552406721792461, 0.6447474683929985, 0.6220040217512856, 0.5392218076604653, 0.18409090909090906]
airfoils:
- name: circular
spanwise_position: 0.0
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: circular
spanwise_position: 0.02
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: SNL-FFA-W3-500
spanwise_position: 0.15
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-360
spanwise_position: 0.24517031675566095
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-330blend
spanwise_position: 0.3288439506472435
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-301
spanwise_position: 0.4391793464459161
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-270blend
spanwise_position: 0.5376714071084352
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-241
spanwise_position: 0.6382076569163737
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-211
spanwise_position: 0.7717438522715817
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
- name: FFA-W3-211
spanwise_position: 1.0
configuration:
- default
weight: [1.0]
rthick:
grid: *id001
values: [1.0, 0.9999879016924226, 0.9714689312714463, 0.8996198089929209, 0.8013761131758645, 0.6936734221392962, 0.5934473142022342, 0.5176333676836977, 0.4730656789968289, 0.434955856223253, 0.402335448462446, 0.37685272086865096, 0.3601559385961107, 0.3501401491647871, 0.3426575851898116, 0.3365601259775633, 0.33070025450948, 0.3247646687837493, 0.31939517702653397, 0.3143239406267861, 0.309271344828875, 0.3039577748771702, 0.2981243349262338, 0.29180784166380225, 0.28522820807101734, 0.27860348217773645, 0.27215171201381677, 0.2659699127765037, 0.2598158729953399, 0.253767700548572, 0.24793519101205128, 0.2424281399616292, 0.23698799308368704, 0.23097690096433968, 0.22489620438515764, 0.21930429419871936, 0.21475956125760334, 0.21182039641438793, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211, 0.211]
The outer aerodynamic 3D surface or structural outer mold line (OML) can be defined
in components.blade.outer_shape.surface. It can be used to generate computational meshes for the internal blade structure or high-fidelity aerodynamic modelling.
To construct this surface, the following steps must be followed in the right order.
From the outer_shape field, use
rthickor use PCHIP based on the master airfoils and theouter_shape.airfoils.spanwise_positiongrid to interpolate airfoil cross-sections in between defined airfoils. Note that using spanwise_position in the windIO file requires the resolution of this grid to be quite fine, and airfoils with relative thickness above the typical 36% to be defined. Otherwise it is quite difficult to control the shape transition from the cylindrical root to the max chord. Also note that airfoils in the airfoils section should be interpolated onto a common grid based on normalized surface curve fraction using PCHIP, allowing point-wise interpolation between airfoils. Interpolating based on a common chord-wise discretization will result in very different airfoil shapes particularly for thick airfoils. Define the surface with an open trailing edge, since splining a discontinuous trailing edge will likely result in overshooting.Scale airfoils by chord.
In the blade root coordinate system, apply
section_offset_yfrom the leading edge along the chord.In the blade root coordinate system, apply
section_offset_xfrom the chord line normal to chord.Compute and apply rotation matrix M to place airfoils orthonormal to local reference axis tangent, see below for details on this.
Apply x, y and z translations from the curved reference axis.
The transformation matrix for a cross-section is constructed as:
compute reference axis curve tangent unit vectors \((t_x, t_y, t_z)\) (preferably analytically using pchip derivatives)
compute rotation matrices for x- and y-rotations \(M_x\) and \(M_y\) from axis and angle, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix “Rotation matrix from axis and angle”
\(M_{xy} = matmul(M_y, M_x)\)
Compute twist correction \(r_z = atan2(M_{xy}(0, 1), Mxy(0, 0))\). The twist correction is consistent with how the local chord reference system is defined in HAWC2, but this may be different in other aeroelastic tools.
\(r_z = twist + r_z\)
Compute z-rotation matrix M_z as for step 2 from \(t_z\) and \(r_z\)
\(M = matmul(M_{xy}, M_z)\)
The above definition of the transformation from local to blade reference frame is described in detail by Li et al, 2024. Also see Li et al, 2022.
This surface object is defined discretely as a block-structured surface grid with the following fields:
outer_shape:
surface:
grid: [0.0, 0.1, ...., 1.0]
x:
- [...] # x-coordinates for section 1
- [...] # x-coordinates for section nsec
y:
- [...]
- [...]
z:
- [...]
- [...]
which will map each coordinate direction to a \((n_pts, nsec)\) 2D array where \(n_pts\) is the number of nodes in the cross-sections along the blade.
We define a local curvilinear mapping that in the spanwise direction follows the grid used for the
reference_axis.
In the direction along the local cross-section surface arc the field nd_arc_position is defined as 0.0 at the trailing edge midpoint,
traveling along the suction side, to the leading edge and pressure side, and is 1.0 at the trailing edge midpoint, see below sketch.
To compute the curve fraction, it is recommended to use an analytical spline evaluation of the curve as basis rather than the discrete points.
structure#
The field components.blade.structure contains the data to describe the internal composite structure of wind turbine blades.
Defining the structural geometry of a blade is a sophisticated process and the windIO ontology supports different parameterization types
that primarily targets conceptual design.
On the top level, the field blade.structure has the sub-sections:
anchors: Defines anchor lines, planes and curves used to place the layup within the outer mold line (OML),webs: (Optional) Defines the placement and geometry of the shear webs,layers: Defines all internal layers in terms ofname,material,thickness, number of pliesn_plies,fiber_orientation(for composites), and position.joints: (Optional) Defines spanwise segmentation of blades.elastic_properties: Defines the elastic properties of a beam-representation of the blade.
Anchors are used to define references for placement of layers, shear webs and other main features of the blade structure.
Below list summarizes the characteristics and rules for anchors:
Anchors replace the previous positioning of layers using
start_nd_arcandend_nd_arcin a layer field, and add the possibility of defining additional convenient planes and arc positions for placing layers.Anchors do not need to coincide with layer edges, but can define layer centers or other convenient positions,
Anchors must define their non-dimensional arc position(s) along the cross-section surface using the
start_nd_arcand optionallyend_nd_arcfields,While arc positions can be anchored to other anchors, it must be possible to explicitly read the defined anchor arc positions from the windIO file, without geometric computations.
Convenient schemas are available to define arc positions resulting from plane and ruled surface intersections.
Anchors do not need to be defined along the entire spanwise grid of the blade.
Anchors can cross and coincide, but this may pose challenges in mesh generation.
The previously defined
offset_y_pahas been deprecated, and has been replaced withplane_intersection.
The below list defines anchor names that are pre-defined but can be overwritten explicitly by the user:
name: TETrailing edge of the blade cross-sections, defined as the midpoint between the first and last point of the local cross-section, following the below sketch TE defines two values
start_nd_arc=0.0andend_nd_arc=1.0.name: TE_SSSuction side trailing edge of the blade cross-sections, defined by the first point of the local cross-section.
name: TE_PSPressure side trailing edge of the blade cross-sections, defined by the last point of the local cross-section.
In windIO v1.0, the leading-edge LE could be used to place layers but not explicitly defined in terms of curve fraction.
However, in windIO 2.0, the user has to explicitly define this field as an anchor to avoid any ambiguities.
|
|
|
Anchors are defined as a list and the name and start_nd_arc fields are required.
Depending on the anchor type end_nd_arc can also be defined for the anchor.
Below we construct a user-defined leading edge mold split,
that only defines a single arc position along the span, start_nd_arc:
- name: le_mold_split
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.47, 0.49]
An anchor can itself be positioned relative to another anchor using the offset_arc field referencing the string name of
the anchor, combined with grid/value pair for the dimensioned offset. The offset can also be non-dimensional,
for which the offset_nd_arc field is used.
- name: te_reinforcement_ss
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.13, 0.13]
offset_arc:
defines: start_nd_arc
anchor:
name: TE_SS
handle: start_nd_arc
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.5, 0.5]
The offset can be both positive or negative.
Arc positions can be defined using the combined midpoint_nd_arc and width fields:
- name: le_reinforcement
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.47, 0.47]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.53, 0.53]
midpoint_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: LE
handle: start_nd_arc
width:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.4, 0.4]
defines:
- start_nd_arc
- end_nd_arc
Anchors can also be defined from plane intersections, which is convenient for defining spar caps
that are typically straight or tapered, or shear webs that similarly intersect the surface with straight intersections.
Below we define the suction side spar cap, where the plane intersection defines the midpoint_nd_arc,
which combined with the width field results in start_nd_arc and end_nd_arc forming a constant width patch along the span
(note that the numbers in the below example are arbitrary).
- name: spar_cap_ss
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0., 1.0]
values: [0.31, 0.33]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.6, 0.6]
plane_intersection:
side: suction
defines: midpoint_nd_arc
plane_type1:
anchor_curve: reference_axis
anchors_nd_grid: [0.0, 1.0]
rotation: 0.0
offset:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.4, 0.0]
width:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [1.0, 1.0]
defines:
- start_nd_arc
- end_nd_arc
The above definition can also be split into two anchors, one that defines the midpoint of the spar cap, and a second one that uses this curve as an anchor, and defining a width, computes the two edges of the cap.
- name: spar_cap_ss_center
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0., 1.0]
values: [0.45, 0.45]
plane_intersection:
side: suction
defines: start_nd_arc
plane_type1:
anchor_curve: reference_axis
anchors_nd_grid: [0.0, 1.0]
rotation: 0.0
offset:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
- name: spar_cap_ss
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0., 1.0]
values: [0.31, 0.33]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.6, 0.6]
midpoint_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: spar_cap_center
handle: start_nd_arc
width:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [1.0, 1.0]
defines:
- start_nd_arc
- end_nd_arc
Below we show how to define anchors for a shear web:
- name: aft_web
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0., 1.0]
values: [0.31, 0.33]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.6, 0.6]
plane_intersection:
side: both
defines: start_end_nd_arc
intersection_type1:
anchor_curve: reference_axis
anchors_nd_grid: [0.0, 1.0]
rotation: 8.0
offset:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.4, 0.0]
The intersection_type1 intersection is performed as follows:
Starting from the blade root coordinate system, rotate the lofted blade by the amount defined in
rotationaround the blade z-axis using a right-handed rule.Interpolate the
(x, y, z)coordinates of theanchor_curvecurve at theanchors_nd_gridnon-dimensional arc positions, resulting in two points in space.Construct a plane spanning the two points, and with a normal vector in the y-z plane perpendicular to the line connecting the two points.
Offset the plane along the plane normal vector by the amount defined in
offset. If the offset is not linear, the plane effectively becomes a ruled surface.Intersect the plane with the blade surface and compute the
position_nd_arcof the intersection curve along the span.
The side indicates whether to intersect either the suction or pressure side, or both.
defines lists the arc positions the intersection computes, with possible values start_end_nd_arc, end_nd_arc,
or midpoint_nd_arc if it is used in combination with the width field.
An alternative and also convenient method to define features in the blade is to intersect the blade with a ruled surface. In the present implementation the ruled surface is constructed from an offset normal to the anchor curve in the y-z plane.
An example of this type of intersection is given below to compute the location of a
trailing edge shear web with a constant offset from the (curved) trailing edge.
The intersection type is referred to as intersection_type2:
- name: te_web
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0., 1.0]
values: [0.05, 0.1]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0., 1.0]
values: [0.95, 0.9]
plane_intersection:
side: both
defines: start_end_nd_arc
intersection_type2:
anchor_curve: TE
rotation: 0.0
offset:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.6, 0.6]
This intersection is performed as follows:
Starting from the blade root coordinate system, rotate the lofted blade by the amount defined in
rotationaround the blade root z-axis using a right-handed rule.In the y-z plane construct an offset curve normal to the anchor curve.
Construct the ruled surface by extrapolating the offset curve along the
x-axis.Intersect the ruled surface with the blade surface and compute the
position_nd_arcof the intersection curve.
If the resulting intersection is not defined along the entire span of the blade, the last valid intersection point found should be used.
That would in the case of an intersection surface extending beyond the trailing edge, result in the curve coinciding with
the maximum y-coordinate of the blade cross-sections, or conversely if it extends beyond the leading edge, the minimum y-coordinates of the sections.
Layers
The layers section defines the actual layup of typically composite materials in the blade.
The position of the layers is defined in terms of the anchors defined above, while the thickness and fiber orientation
are defined as spanwise and optionally chordwise distributions. An example of a layer definition is shown below:
- name: TE_SS_filler
material: foam
thickness:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.05, 0.05]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
start_nd_grid: 0.05
end_nd_grid: 0.95
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: TE_SS
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: spar_cap_ss
handle: start_nd_arc
Shear web layups with layer drop-offs
Shear webs are sandwich panels often composed of outer biaxial layers and a core material in-between.
windIO 2.x supports defining start and end arc extents of web layers referring to
their extent across the distance between the two shells. This is done by defining an anchors field
for each web, with grid / values pairs where grid is the spanwise non-dimensional curved length,
and values is the non-dimensional arc length of the web.
webs:
- name: web1
start_nd_grid: 0.05
end_nd_grid: 0.98
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web0
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web0
handle: end_nd_arc
anchors:
- name: web1_shell_attachment
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.05, 0.98]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.05, 0.98]
values: [1.0, 1.0]
- name: web1_core
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.05, 0.98]
values: [0.05, 0.05]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.05, 0.98]
values: [0.95, 0.95]
In the layers section, these anchors are referenced similar to the shell anchors:
- name: web1_skin00
web: web1
material: glass_biax
thickness:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.002, 0.002]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
start_nd_grid: 0.05
end_nd_grid: 0.95
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web1_shell_attachment
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web1_shell_attachment
handle: end_nd_arc
- name: web1_filler
web: web1
material: medium_density_foam
thickness:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.002, 0.002]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.05, 0.95]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
start_nd_grid: 0.05
end_nd_grid: 0.95
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web1_core
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web1_core
handle: end_nd_arc
Web flanges
To define web flanges the following section can be added to a web definition:
webs:
- name: fore_web
...
flanges:
- type: L
side: suction
bondline:
material: glue
thickness:
grid: [0., 0.5, 1.0]
values: [0.03, 0.02, 0.01]
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: fore_web_anchor_ss
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: fore_web_flange_anchor_ss
handle: start_nd_arc
- type: L
side: pressure
bondline:
material: glue
thickness:
grid: [0., 0.5, 1.0]
values: [0.03, 0.02, 0.01]
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: fore_web_flange_anchor_ps
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: fore_web_anchor_ps
handle: start_nd_arc
This feature is currently experimental, and details of the schema could be updated in future releases.
Tapered thickness along the airfoil arc direction
While it is often a good approximation that thickness of a composite layer is constant along the airfoil arc direction,
this is not the case for core material which is often tapered towards e.g. the trailing edge in a wind turbine blade.
windIO supports specifying thickness as a 2D array, where the first line defines the spanwise grid equivalent to the 1D grid normally used,
and following lines define the chordwise grid that represent the normalized arc distance between the layers’ start_nd_arc and its end_nd_arc.
thickness:
grid:
- [0, 0.25, 0.75, 1]
- [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
- [0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25]
- [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
- [0.75, 0.75, 0.75, 0.75]
- [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
values:
- [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
- [0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05]
- [0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10]
- [0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05]
- [0.0, 0.0, 0.0,0.0]
To taper core material linearly, the easiest approach would be to split the core into two separate patches, one with constant thickness, and another with tapered thickness.
layers:
- name: TE_SS_filler_taper
material: foam
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: te_reinforcement_ss
handles: end_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: TE_SS_filler_taper
handles: start_nd_arc
thickness:
grid:
- [0, 0.25, 0.75, 1]
- [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
values:
- [0.0, 0.0, 0.0,0.0]
- [0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05]
- name: TE_SS_filler
material: foam
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: TE_SS_filler_taper
handles: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: spar_cap_ss
handles: start_nd_arc
thickness:
grid:
- [0, 0.25, 0.75, 1]
values:
- [0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05]
This feature is currently experimental, and details of the schema could be updated in future releases.
Trailing edge adhesive
The optional trailing edge adhesive fills the void on the inside of the shell at the trailing edge, and its location is defined by four corners with references to anchors defined in the anchors section, two on the suction sice and two on the pressure side. The exact topology of the trailing edge is often linked to the specific meshing tool used for the finite element analysis, but can by the user be defined such that shell material wraps around trailing edge and meets at an nd_arc_position of 0.0/1.0 (at the trailing edge midpoint), or left open requiring that the trailing edge bondline closes the trailing edge gap.
trailing_edge_adhesive:
material: glue
anchor_ss_start:
name: TE_SS
handle: start_nd_arc
anchor_ss_end:
name: TE_adhesive_ss_end
handle: start_nd_arc
anchor_ps_start:
name: TE_PS
handle: start_nd_arc
anchor_ps_end:
name: TE_adhesive_ps_end
handle: start_nd_arc
This feature is currently experimental, and details of the schema could be updated in future releases.
Complete example: IEA 15 MW RWT
The structure field often grows quite extensively. For the IEA-15MW turbine, it is defined as follows:
structure:
webs:
- name: web0
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web0
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web0
handle: end_nd_arc
anchors:
- name: web0_shell_attachment
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [1.0, 1.0]
- name: web1
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web1
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: web1
handle: end_nd_arc
anchors:
- name: web1_shell_attachment
start_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
end_nd_arc:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [1.0, 1.0]
layers:
- name: UV_protection
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: UV_protection
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: UV_protection
handle: end_nd_arc
material: Gelcoat
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.001, 0.001]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
- name: Shell_skin
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: Shell_skin
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: Shell_skin
handle: end_nd_arc
material: glass_triax
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 1.0]
values: [0.05, 0.044485585534082064, 0.03920631246744508, 0.03412448386439088, 0.02929392619207671, 0.024489505325564213, 0.019384558581206295, 0.014595881643786201, 0.010343166429891729, 0.007150009588491233, 0.005006698932577704, 0.003764433062961093, 0.0030198265169068604, 0.0024784377045354734, 0.0021584738459249457, 0.00204953240924978, 0.0020060989392585928, 0.0020006011392945207, 0.002000115115065172, 0.002000012940486307, 0.0020000009096608237, 0.00200000000005121, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.0019033104254005903, 0.0016891430845399399, 0.0013784275518661877, 0.0011538262554083136, 0.00103989912672171, 0.0010063268946716168, 0.0010007931283301417, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
- name: Spar_Cap_SS
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: Spar_Cap_SS
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: Spar_Cap_SS
handle: end_nd_arc
material: CarbonUD
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 1.0]
values: [0.0001, 0.0019253427544743858, 0.005878030418028014, 0.012205741402763814, 0.02033847241410345, 0.029710037581228265, 0.03976076813427265, 0.04984579196655636, 0.059506919810752144, 0.06813475896247266, 0.07517917278251993, 0.08001633865143198, 0.08380373783594258, 0.08756302399896077, 0.09096088968367966, 0.09394183001092273, 0.09623412699697585, 0.0977753527026025, 0.09836307921598017, 0.0981999062871899, 0.09757657895482426, 0.09649171896998379, 0.09504926405790153, 0.09340609597066436, 0.09163396600383901, 0.08985822612692451, 0.08812902603702513, 0.08640958344856942, 0.08462830823429666, 0.08272111871184405, 0.08063005694324227, 0.07831036719824715, 0.07574643418843892, 0.07276138579954894, 0.06913218672253638, 0.06421642597820243, 0.05743129735425094, 0.0499439766596495, 0.04210164910682022, 0.03453603307614619, 0.027794810383669103, 0.022532572295399025, 0.01866188117363215, 0.015066576723923265, 0.011738804201119217, 0.008673947426939258, 0.006002632716771239, 0.0038861394151689125, 0.0022342962473922592, 0.0010000000000001236]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
- name: Spar_Cap_PS
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: Spar_Cap_PS
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: Spar_Cap_PS
handle: end_nd_arc
material: CarbonUD
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.04081632653061224, 0.061224489795918366, 0.08163265306122448, 0.1020408163265306, 0.12244897959183673, 0.14285714285714285, 0.16326530612244897, 0.18367346938775508, 0.2040816326530612, 0.22448979591836732, 0.24489795918367346, 0.26530612244897955, 0.2857142857142857, 0.3061224489795918, 0.32653061224489793, 0.3469387755102041, 0.36734693877551017, 0.3877551020408163, 0.4081632653061224, 0.42857142857142855, 0.44897959183673464, 0.4693877551020408, 0.4897959183673469, 0.5102040816326531, 0.5306122448979591, 0.5510204081632653, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5918367346938775, 0.6122448979591836, 0.6326530612244897, 0.6530612244897959, 0.673469387755102, 0.6938775510204082, 0.7142857142857142, 0.7346938775510203, 0.7551020408163265, 0.7755102040816326, 0.7959183673469387, 0.8163265306122448, 0.836734693877551, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8775510204081632, 0.8979591836734693, 0.9183673469387754, 0.9387755102040816, 0.9591836734693877, 0.9795918367346939, 1.0]
values: [0.0001, 0.0019253427544743858, 0.005878030418028014, 0.012205741402763814, 0.02033847241410345, 0.029710037581228265, 0.03976076813427265, 0.04984579196655636, 0.059506919810752144, 0.06813475896247266, 0.07517917278251993, 0.08001633865143198, 0.08380373783594258, 0.08756302399896077, 0.09096088968367966, 0.09394183001092273, 0.09623412699697585, 0.0977753527026025, 0.09836307921598017, 0.0981999062871899, 0.09757657895482426, 0.09649171896998379, 0.09504926405790153, 0.09340609597066436, 0.09163396600383901, 0.08985822612692451, 0.08812902603702513, 0.08640958344856942, 0.08462830823429666, 0.08272111871184405, 0.08063005694324227, 0.07831036719824715, 0.07574643418843892, 0.07276138579954894, 0.06913218672253638, 0.06421642597820243, 0.05743129735425094, 0.0499439766596495, 0.04210164910682022, 0.03453603307614619, 0.027794810383669103, 0.022532572295399025, 0.01866188117363215, 0.015066576723923265, 0.011738804201119217, 0.008673947426939258, 0.006002632716771239, 0.0038861394151689125, 0.0022342962473922592, 0.0010000000000001236]
fiber_orientation:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0]
- name: LE_reinforcement
start_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: LE_reinforcement
handle: start_nd_arc
end_nd_arc:
anchor:
name: LE_reinforcement
handle: end_nd_arc
material: glass_uni
thickness:
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i_flap: [10166.284427210068, 9677.506658278195, 9189.979166446146, 7913.55513775584, 6778.707874270462, 5816.730513104689, 3914.596828171232, 2785.9557474336307, 956.3088698304845, 476.36366817186706, 268.55950272107657, 204.06774305708595, 154.74717074687635, 120.1630106896849, 90.50849177530833, 66.51587194758397, 48.3879168461972, 35.22217015645534, 25.215546621059765, 17.745330077956677, 11.271194923324614, 6.684580575763557, 3.616337664050583, 1.78333715736047, 0.7573836161406937, 0.007180810431802968]
i_plr: [20334.260749419092, 19348.32414628797, 18373.702908261756, 16280.22568568902, 14384.707079520182, 12763.75220428584, 9456.81881736644, 7669.567333210458, 4277.195390327287, 2729.9223355815425, 2117.1378877835145, 1768.8037116010007, 1441.4647526558301, 1196.3062966511723, 986.2598738903342, 801.9237987714802, 641.4957168880029, 424.3318450020865, 240.68491551038218, 149.39987156305426, 95.92081642240376, 58.13938290669439, 35.1238772454151, 21.103193236866915, 13.020205616048557, 0.10091508735469075]
i_cp: [-1.0683130734106165, 0.9133955577605082, 6.143364484361837, 30.1760176639648, 51.13814800535637, 69.34293642402783, 103.28185672319495, 159.42251092667695, 109.41235764515795, 74.25657502591736, 51.00047866730059, 34.07084223757462, 23.38641910057473, 18.75152324183863, 15.603626309920882, 13.644216263894043, 11.662250592755035, 7.836966520296293, 4.176133069084764, 2.6421037604616724, 1.7996118776795522, 1.0405277605856154, 0.6232077662449509, 0.36848755076490375, 0.24956166062622986, 0.0022768326051883147]
stiffness_matrix:
grid: [0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0]
K11: [6740375994.200792, 6384592445.510168, 6033428473.028316, 5399937528.5606785, 4800672070.892391, 4245595846.60386, 3015180949.0747685, 2419253237.9808803, 936314786.8968203, 459476847.22473943, 281350049.44872, 224644322.01692382, 187672692.57290956, 161609316.90177184, 137969183.99018735, 116600478.4523859, 97422515.98334335, 81358328.95851956, 67080158.82424255, 55553240.58366735, 44994384.56866734, 36509915.3832926, 27272722.33611301, 19745236.354008205, 9179700.675681142, 931474.1817045894]
K12: [2653738.5919261174, -376400.6474385026, -5351360.127132061, 2545105.3701622505, 6445969.845348487, 6455163.702384659, -6056529.370011804, 113285786.00360973, 80833117.672499, 50723215.96362021, 19062499.890864983, 4177613.4992410876, -2993741.656823819, -3309906.622644328, -2612569.6184869376, -1443459.826543158, -997091.0381108759, 122590.70890719072, 1150059.0011940901, 1941394.5823109567, 2180662.5761736603, 2151842.3143516458, 993432.1718194059, 510321.8004162957, 307950.61736175837, 232415.29456365184]
K13: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K14: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K15: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K16: [148446683.0081474, -93807158.54721366, -302258358.414727, -376430490.9109713, -410026336.0979204, -423187047.4596364, -335581833.17485225, -235382612.4995677, 110222775.82612513, 44624062.11459313, 39788481.558390185, 22822651.106314287, 14817252.655003047, 14196051.945945216, 10110737.414443506, 9756447.07571729, 7650615.789120105, 7709138.634627286, 8354890.671745444, 8124277.187599225, 7061108.353385276, 6124281.751202558, 3331136.312449322, 1832045.8991628585, 1267110.0781497026, 106353.52899654783]
K22: [6729088765.395921, 6388480690.310746, 6055417688.515367, 5758216767.868562, 5468722459.955154, 5195984070.294925, 4552086385.17254, 3985354344.8681536, 2314391966.661147, 963021463.3416004, 480065126.665447, 346901262.38535905, 324078740.9094225, 317531903.30316025, 309152872.5553294, 303218881.82122993, 292909738.469172, 300285135.273037, 334604810.69196564, 376257910.10373855, 395913126.7681885, 375210610.3003366, 239673891.33303756, 144312493.8658793, 86939021.67477001, 15879263.61054028]
K23: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K24: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K25: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K26: [38985021.66520424, 16608264.93565775, 5594870.114677965, 19709135.853905857, 28462348.93837689, 35814075.943787806, 53346766.10196565, 87781196.91790846, 102518319.262035, 63418511.854790874, 35649958.00142443, 26944490.484182574, 22977520.67687867, 19104038.48691781, 15276680.601082614, 12426129.212282114, 11590547.025402421, 12779793.365596209, 15336313.590033066, 18041654.778164484, 19527620.335504133, 17825049.8174219, 10738401.632739767, 6016948.89773326, 3396279.8195240535, 117375.6660814398]
K33: [46051081603.60474, 43751344063.19816, 41569662567.47037, 38669982721.7398, 36038990116.73735, 33746441410.19616, 29212071034.730743, 27339201435.297394, 22665764106.85165, 20450235425.96102, 20473859852.028965, 21366371296.473003, 21785402237.03918, 21621041012.04207, 20779461548.755814, 19923519424.805744, 18925122694.713356, 17539655765.235256, 15853197990.946262, 14061229868.525568, 11003024089.793188, 7310260724.863415, 4521289678.947009, 2675615584.13509, 1203040036.154266, 118283403.93224278]
K34: [-1092494742.1422234, 582609637.8397082, 2071574619.5397494, 2739604966.9813576, 3310499851.237116, 3921047165.837773, 5225114500.366909, 8519455804.023233, 10699908369.669474, 9176487472.148022, 9004633626.168808, 8306288511.852894, 7885934214.420893, 6912268845.2773905, 6380607368.417731, 5510503208.482732, 4939813431.154279, 3340368066.1970086, 1772039285.1553001, 1013471013.85025, 625226575.7818947, 354179115.2888132, 266089109.4029744, 184789087.68407992, 137345812.75625196, 1168848.1431805997]
K35: [18829097.30285156, 3336008.299362885, -39669072.53786528, -139140684.30100253, -201959858.66306534, -248900545.30290735, -316621483.96654403, -518317006.6590065, -252339646.012082, -318201927.73381317, -370375609.629183, -349173302.5918751, -281941707.05108696, -151464382.0873222, -81958836.22604564, -145792800.15431416, -215770838.70957416, -299940988.574154, -358354291.37689996, -411634704.48295814, -386594144.7272241, -261309728.4735774, -148760396.98544225, -79832450.74825534, -31896540.37930602, -795943.4168930704]
K36: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K44: [149629012637.96594, 142328864112.50156, 135212838311.38753, 123284345388.39743, 112223397786.61401, 102686583994.11134, 82456226297.96957, 72781368868.39719, 54125167812.039314, 39196915729.85904, 35299428705.26732, 31051165577.557346, 26088284004.54947, 22217425410.95908, 18717308525.793583, 15586807919.093891, 12739863625.745161, 8379809772.736287, 4637021573.468788, 2889083609.8505793, 1877272361.936434, 1099701983.6863494, 683571619.6771157, 420297066.7672982, 231512293.70712498, 1384839.7699354952]
K45: [-22581466.165237263, -232559270.06092423, -606773042.4005727, -1348337968.6178887, -2131730557.8957243, -2938603122.299237, -4823615805.899531, -6133557676.831683, -4839685559.488184, -3395447917.8743534, -1524671060.6524186, -615674444.313989, -91553134.31292474, -10375272.853503438, 2259343.50512368, -28845801.840308778, -43922352.51904449, -29747619.287767652, -2424421.8976960694, -12258851.347575188, -15695344.266583264, -6469059.311161065, -4841801.236680448, -4125365.2248271434, -3561131.725327512, -26483.691742438405]
K46: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K55: [149729095916.4146, 143137826352.7965, 137008541712.70963, 119514275124.89417, 104365370041.97543, 91978034767.20616, 68686121530.687454, 52263394041.374664, 27988353518.859665, 21820483410.15772, 15615256841.106361, 13362814423.387623, 10663481378.13921, 8537806429.681531, 6549534664.533833, 4893346064.323091, 3604017503.6991744, 2655217532.05773, 1917970315.4393296, 1351951128.6929338, 838106592.74152, 466233432.88131785, 243066553.44047254, 113253467.97005808, 36395660.02090348, 186239.91293931668]
K56: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
K66: [87489183048.03288, 83285587642.82162, 79106159653.8364, 69973323042.1117, 61533150488.50107, 54135840079.7236, 38418612295.439545, 25428346793.25849, 8076640558.8585005, 2768066330.973254, 1026128471.8607168, 627053086.269001, 461211585.49078345, 364794590.1572093, 285660364.09887934, 220544333.37495336, 168037150.44173867, 128226839.00696014, 95377930.58201036, 71456369.55600888, 52519301.176315226, 38106482.51374478, 23330158.861795776, 13417874.462175902, 6805118.090718728, 71452.33631373737]
structural_damping:
mu: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
hub:
diameter: 7.94
cone_angle: 4.0
flange_t2shell_t: 6.0
flange_OD2hub_D: 0.6
The fourth and last field of the blade component is the elastic_properties, whose subfields are:
inertia_matrix: Defines the inertia properties of the blade, including mass and moment of inertia.stiffness_matrix: Defines the stiffness properties of the blade, including bending and torsional stiffness.structural_damping: Defines the structural damping properties of the blade, currently in Rayleigh formatmu.point_mass: Defines non-structural mass in the blade, such as lightning protection, root bolts etc, which is not defined or modelled as part of the composite structure.
The elastic_properties field of the IEA-15MW turbine is defined as follows:
flange_ID2OD: 0.8
hub_blade_spacing_margin: 1.2
hub_stress_concentration: 3.0
n_front_brackets: 5
n_rear_brackets: 5
clearance_hub_spinner: 0.5
spin_hole_incr: 1.2
pitch_system_scaling_factor: 0.75
spinner_gust_ws: 70.0
hub_material: cast_iron
spinner_material: glass_uni
cd: 0.5
elastic_properties:
mass: 73758.11224899627
inertia: [1042829.9203461603, 654636.6847221254, 654636.6847221254, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
location: [0.6161484264208057, 0.0, 0.0]
tower:
outer_shape:
outer_diameter:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
values: [10.0, 10.0, 9.926, 9.443, 8.833, 8.151, 7.39, 6.909, 6.748, 6.572, 6.5]
cd:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.5, 0.5]
structure:
outfitting_factor: 1.07
layers:
- name: tower_wall
material: steel
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
values: [0.039496, 0.039496, 0.033416, 0.034142, 0.030242, 0.031174, 0.027028, 0.027398, 0.02062, 0.021032, 0.026964]
elastic_properties:
stiffness_matrix:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
Hub#
The hub section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine hub. Only a few fields are required,
namely diameter, cone_angle, and drag coefficient cd.
Users can also decide to simply define the elastic_properties.
The hub of the IEA-15MW turbine is defined as shown below.
Note that many inputs are optional and currently only used by NREL’s systems engineering tool WISDEM, which was used to design the IEA-15MW turbine.
K44: [3065446681730.708, 2933048767998.7666, 2592641164098.0483, 2146799926770.163, 1684995907190.7573, 1260702644716.1035, 916292043906.1993, 683148886356.29, 536386055229.3965, 499584492403.18274, 520492413909.5013]
K55: [3065446681730.708, 2933048767998.7666, 2592641164098.0483, 2146799926770.163, 1684995907190.7573, 1260702644716.1035, 916292043906.1993, 683148886356.29, 536386055229.3965, 499584492403.18274, 520492413909.5013]
K66: [2430899218612.4517, 2325907673023.022, 2055964443129.7524, 1702412341928.7395, 1336201754402.2705, 999737197259.8699, 726619590817.616, 541737066880.538, 425354141796.9114, 396170502475.7239, 412750484230.2345]
inertia_matrix:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
mass: [10314.844411733615, 9901.647940090872, 9017.933346172184, 8116.657357606487, 7249.277806381153, 6359.750854826353, 5494.361267461783, 4682.684515474082, 3954.413642672578, 3861.412246705626, 4097.489292297825]
structural_damping:
mu: [0.004, 0.004, 0.0004, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
reference_axis:
x:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
y:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
z:
grid: [0.0, 0.10047454902385111, 0.20094909804770222, 0.30142364707155334, 0.40189819609540445, 0.5023727451192556, 0.6028472941431067, 0.7033218431669578, 0.8037963921908089, 0.90427094121466, 1.0]
Drivetrain#
The drivetrain section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine drivetrain. It includes the following subfields:
- outer_shape: Defines the outer shape of the nacelle
- lss: Defines the low-speed shaft
- hss: Defines the high-speed shaft, when present
- gearbox: Defines the gearbox, when present
- generator: Defines the generator
- nose: Defines the nose
- bedplate: Defines the bedplate
- other_components: Defines the auxiliary components of the nacelle
- elastic_properties: Defines the equivalent elastic properties of the nacelle
Users should refer to the Detailed Documentation for the details of each subfield. The drivetrain of the IEA-15MW turbine is defined as shown below. Note that many inputs are optional and currently only used by NREL’s systems engineering tool WISDEM, which was used to design the IEA-15MW turbine.
material: steel_drive
hss: {}
nose:
diameter: [2.2, 2.2]
wall_thickness: [0.1, 0.1]
bedplate:
wall_thickness:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.05, 0.05]
material: steel_drive
other_components:
mb1Type: CARB
mb2Type: SRB
uptower: true
generator:
length: 2.15
radius: 5.08
mass: 371570.0
elastic_properties:
mass: 368839.40715181077
inertia: [1836783.8456006486, 972876.6339449583, 972876.6339449583]
location: [1.525]
elastic_properties:
mass: 644799.1796962249
inertia: [9472481.016603658, 10608644.690932982, 10533510.55320943, 483633.89685888815, 2198726.322383277, -236321.18425716923]
inertia_tt: [21487147.942252956, 39542087.72858861, 27479914.068792306, -2.3283064365386963e-10, 16453743.862014482, 170835.0604932401]
location: [-5.124475909046705, -0.14636687479623936, 4.314135921804859]
spring_constant: 69737644923.05057
damping_coefficient: 49372801.61198211
yaw:
elastic_properties:
mass: 28187.493750427355
inertia: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
location: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
airfoils:
- name: circular
coordinates:
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cm:
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eta_e: 1.0
T_f0: 3.0
T_V0: 6.0
T_p: 1.7
Yaw#
The yaw section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine yaw system. Currently it only includes the equivalent elastic_properties of the yaw system.
The schema for the yaw mass can be found here.
Tower#
The tower section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine tower. It includes the following subfields:
reference_axis: Defines the reference axis of the tower in the tower base coordinate system. This axis is used as the basis for defining both the tower geometry and structural properties.outer_shape: Defines the outer shape of the towerstructure: Defines the inner structure of the towerelastic_properties: Defines the equivalent elastic properties of the tower
values: [15.0, 28.0, 41.0, 54.0, 67.0, 80.0, 93.0, 106.0, 119.0, 132.0, 144.386]
monopile:
transition_piece_mass: 100000.0
transition_piece_cost: 0.0
gravity_foundation_mass: 0.0
outer_shape:
outer_diameter:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0]
cd:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.5, 0.5]
structure:
outfitting_factor: 1.07
layers:
- name: monopile_wall
material: steel
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [0.055341, 0.055341, 0.055341, 0.047677, 0.047357, 0.039697, 0.042419]
elastic_properties:
stiffness_matrix:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
K44: [4274841535785.223, 4274841535785.223, 4129131577796.937, 3831267313253.8174, 3526666824797.925, 3279702824219.957, 3185185005543.049]
K55: [4274841535785.223, 4274841535785.223, 4129131577796.937, 3831267313253.8174, 3526666824797.925, 3279702824219.957, 3185185005543.049]
K66: [3389949337877.682, 3389949337877.682, 3274401341192.971, 3038194979410.2773, 2796646792064.7544, 2600804339606.426, 2525851709395.6377]
Monopile#
The monopile section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine monopile, when present. It includes the following subfields:
reference_axis: Defines the reference axis of the monopile in the tower base coordinate system. This axis is used as the basis for defining both the monopile geometry and structural properties.outer_shape: Defines the outer shape of the monopilestructure: Defines the inner structure of the monopileelastic_properties: Defines the equivalent elastic properties of the monopile
monopile:
transition_piece_mass: 100000.0
transition_piece_cost: 0.0
gravity_foundation_mass: 0.0
outer_shape:
outer_diameter:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0]
cd:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.5, 0.5]
structure:
outfitting_factor: 1.07
layers:
- name: monopile_wall
material: steel
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [0.055341, 0.055341, 0.055341, 0.047677, 0.047357, 0.039697, 0.042419]
elastic_properties:
stiffness_matrix:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
K44: [4274841535785.223, 4274841535785.223, 4129131577796.937, 3831267313253.8174, 3526666824797.925, 3279702824219.957, 3185185005543.049]
K55: [4274841535785.223, 4274841535785.223, 4129131577796.937, 3831267313253.8174, 3526666824797.925, 3279702824219.957, 3185185005543.049]
K66: [3389949337877.682, 3389949337877.682, 3274401341192.971, 3038194979410.2773, 2796646792064.7544, 2600804339606.426, 2525851709395.6377]
inertia_matrix:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
mass: [6037748.381117885, 6037748.381117885, 3104290.857225609, 1415254161.2458649, 2830337489.1583962, 1415168744.5791981, 0.0]
structural_damping:
mu: [0.004, 0.004, 0.0004, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
reference_axis:
x:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
y:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
z:
grid: [0.0, 0.5, 0.6111111111111112, 0.7222222222222222, 0.8333333333333334, 0.9444444444444444, 1.0]
values: [-75.0, -30.0, -20.0, -10.0, 0.0, 10.0, 15.0]
Floating platform#
The floating_platform section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine floating platform, when present. It includes the following subfields:
transition_piece_mass: Defines a point mass for the transition piece connecting the tower to the floating platformtransition_piece_cost: Defines the cost associated with the transition piecemembers: Defines the hydrodynamic and structural members of the floating platformjoints: Points in space that can be mapped to the endpoints ofmembersor mooringnodes.
Take the floating platform of the IEA-15MW turbine as an example.
The transition_piece_mass and transition_piece_cost are values that can be defined as below:
floating_platform:
transition_piece_mass: 100000.0
transition_piece_cost: 100000.0
The location of the transition piece can be defined manually by setting transition field under a joint in the joints section at the desired location.
For the IEA-15MW turbine, the transition piece is defined at the top of the main column (the joint main_freeboard) as shown below:
floating_platform:
joints:
- name: main_keel
location: [0.0, 0.0, -20.0]
- name: main_freeboard
location: [0.0, 0.0, 15.0]
transition: true
- name: col1_keel
location: [51.75, 179.99999979432002, -20.0]
- ...
The geometry of the floating platform is defined by the joints and members.
The elements are shown below.
Additional fields for the joints and members are expanded upon in the next sections.
floating_platform:
transition_piece_mass: 100000.0
transition_piece_cost: 100000.0
joints:
- name: main_keel
- name: main_freeboard
- name: col1_keel
- name: col1_freeboard
- name: col2_keel
- name: col2_freeboard
- name: col3_keel
- name: col3_freeboard
- name: anchor1
- name: anchor2
- name: anchor3
members:
- name: main_column
joint1: main_keel
joint2: main_freeboard
- name: column1
joint1: col1_keel
joint2: col1_freeboard
axial_joints:
- name: col1_upper_pontoon
grid: 0.987
- name: col1_lower_pontoon
grid: 0.1
- name: col1_fairlead
grid: 0.1714
- name: column2
joint1: col2_keel
joint2: col2_freeboard
axial_joints:
- name: col2_upper_pontoon
grid: 0.987
- name: col2_lower_pontoon
grid: 0.1
- name: col2_fairlead
grid: 0.1714
- name: column3
joint1: col3_keel
joint2: col3_freeboard
axial_joints:
- name: col3_upper_pontoon
grid: 0.987
- name: col3_lower_pontoon
grid: 0.1
- name: col3_fairlead
grid: 0.1714
- name: Y_pontoon_upper1
joint1: main_upper_pontoon
joint2: col1_upper_pontoon
- name: Y_pontoon_upper2
joint1: main_upper_pontoon
joint2: col2_upper_pontoon
- name: Y_pontoon_upper3
joint1: main_upper_pontoon
joint2: col3_upper_pontoon
- name: Y_pontoon_lower1
joint1: main_lower_pontoon
joint2: col1_lower_pontoon
- name: Y_pontoon_lower2
joint1: main_lower_pontoon
joint2: col2_lower_pontoon
- name: Y_pontoon_lower3
joint1: main_lower_pontoon
joint2: col3_lower_pontoon
Note that the actual platform definition does not include the cross-braces and large heave plates from the image above. Image credit to Mayank Chetan, NREL.
Joints can be defined in free space by specifying their coordinates in Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates. Joints can also be specified along the axis of a member by specifying their non-dimensional location along a member (from the first joint to the second).
In the example above, the joints for defining the main (central) column are defined in Cartesian coordinates \((x, y, z)\):
joints:
- name: main_keel
location: [0.0, 0.0, -20.0]
- name: main_freeboard
location: [0.0, 0.0, 15.0]
The joints for the three outer columns are defined in cylindrical coordinates \((r, \theta, z)\), where \(r\) is the radial distance from the z-axis to the joint, \(\theta\) is the angle in degree between the x-axis and the line connecting the origin to the projection of the joint onto the x-y plane, and \(z\) is the distance from the x-y plane to the joint along the z-axis.
- name: col1_keel
location: [51.75, 179.99999979432002, -20.0]
cylindrical: true
- name: col1_freeboard
location: [51.75, 179.99999979432002, 15.0]
cylindrical: true
The column members are created by referencing the start and end joints defined above.
For the IEA-15MW turbine, the main column is defined as shown below.
- name: main_column
joint1: main_keel
joint2: main_freeboard
On the main column, two axial joints are defined at non-dimensional locations 0.987 and 0.1 along the member. These two joints will be used to define the positions of upper and lower pontoons connected to the main column.
- name: main_column
joint1: main_keel
joint2: main_freeboard
Ca: 1.0
Cd: 0.8
outer_shape:
shape: circular
outer_diameter:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [10.0, 10.0]
axial_joints:
- name: main_upper_pontoon
grid: 0.987
- name: main_lower_pontoon
grid: 0.1
On the outer columns, three axial joints are defined at non-dimensional locations 0.987, 0.1, and 0.1714 along the member, which will be used to define the positions of upper pontoons, lower pontoons, and fairleads connected to the outer columns. For the upwind column, the axial joints are defined as shown below:
axial_joints:
- name: col1_upper_pontoon
grid: 0.987
- name: col1_lower_pontoon
grid: 0.1
- name: col1_fairlead
grid: 0.1714
With these axial joints defined, the upper and lower pontoons on the main column can be defined by referencing the corresponding axial joints.
- name: Y_pontoon_upper1
joint1: main_upper_pontoon
joint2: col1_upper_pontoon
- name: Y_pontoon_lower1
joint1: main_lower_pontoon
joint2: col1_lower_pontoon
For each member, users can define their hydrodynamic coefficients, outer shape, and internal structure. Currently, circular and rectangular cross-sections are supported for members’ outer shapes. For members with circular cross-sections, users can define the diameter as spanwise distributions:
- name: main_column
joint1: main_keel
joint2: main_freeboard
Ca: 1.0
Cd: 0.8
outer_shape:
shape: circular
outer_diameter:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [10.0, 10.0]
The hydrodynamic coefficients, including drag (\(C_d\)) and added mass (\(C_a\)) coefficients, for members with circular cross-sections can be defined as constant values or as spanwise distributions. If a single constant value is provided, it will be applied to the entire member. To specify varying coefficients along the member length, users can provide a list of grid/value pairs. They share the same grid locations as the outer shape definition.
The layers section under structure allows users to define the layup of each member, including the material and thickness of each layer.
An example of defining the structure for the main column is shown below.
structure:
layers:
- name: main_twall
material: steel
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 1.0]
values: [0.05, 0.05]
Bulkheads, ring stiffeners, longitudinal stiffeners, and ballasts are defined under the structure section for each member.
Bulkheads are defined by the material and thickness at specific non-dimensional locations along the member.
Stiffeners are all T-stiffeners, defined by their material, web height, web thickness, flange width, flange thickness, and spacing.
The spacing of ring stiffeners defines the distance between adjacent ring stiffeners along the member axis in nondimensional form.
The spacing of longitudinal stiffeners (in degree) defines circumferential spacing between adjacent longitudinal stiffeners.
There are two types of ballasts that can be defined: permanent ballast and variable water ballast, specified as variable_flag: false and variable_flag: true, respectively.
Permanent ballast is defined by its material, volume, start and end locations of the ballast segment along the member in nondimensional form.
Variable water ballast is defined by start and end locations of the ballast segment along the member in nondimensional form, which determines the maximum volume of the water ballast.
The actual volume of water ballast is calculated in some modeling tools (e.g. WISDEM) to achieve neutral buoyancy in an unloaded equilibrium position, with the maximum volume limited by the defined segment volume.
An example of defining bulkheads and ballasts for the upwind column is shown below.
bulkhead:
material: steel
thickness:
grid: [0.0, 0.05, 0.2, 1.0]
values: [0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05]
ballast:
- variable_flag: false
material: slurry
volume: 169.333333
grid: [0.0, 0.05]
- variable_flag: true
grid: [0.05, 0.2]
Users should refer to the Detailed Documentation for the details of each subfield.
Mooring#
The mooring section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the floating wind turbine mooring system, when present. It includes the following subfields:
nodes: Defines the nodes of the mooring system, corresponding to floating platform jointslines: Defines the lines of the mooring system, connecting the mooring nodesline_types: Defines the characteristics of the linesanchor_types: Defines the characteristics of the anchors
The floating platform of the IEA-15MW turbine is defined as shown below.
mooring:
nodes:
- name: line1_anchor
node_type: fixed
joint: anchor1
anchor_type: drag_embedment
- name: line2_anchor
node_type: fixed
joint: anchor2
anchor_type: drag_embedment
- name: line3_anchor
node_type: fixed
joint: anchor3
anchor_type: drag_embedment
- name: line1_vessel
node_type: vessel
joint: col1_fairlead
fairlead_type: rigid
- name: line2_vessel
node_type: vessel
joint: col2_fairlead
fairlead_type: rigid
- name: line3_vessel
joint: col3_fairlead
node_type: vessel
fairlead_type: rigid
lines:
- name: line1
node1: line1_anchor
node2: line1_vessel
line_type: main
unstretched_length: 850.0
- name: line2
node1: line2_anchor
node2: line2_vessel
line_type: main
unstretched_length: 850.0
- name: line3
node1: line3_anchor
node2: line3_vessel
line_type: main
unstretched_length: 850.0
line_types:
- name: main
diameter: 0.185
type: chain
transverse_added_mass: 1.0
tangential_added_mass: 0.0
transverse_drag: 1.6
tangential_drag: 0.1
anchor_types:
- name: drag_embedment
type: drag_embedment
Users should refer to the Detailed Documentation for the details of each subfield.
Airfoils#
The airfoils section of the turbine YAML file provides a database of airfoil coordinates, polars, and unsteady aero parameters. Each airfoil includes the following subfields:
coordinates: Defines the coordinates of the airfoilsaerodynamic_center: Defines the chordwise position of aerodynamic center of the airfoilsrthick: Defines the relative thickness of the airfoilspolars: Defines the polars of the airfoils
Multiple sets of polars can be defined for each airfoil at varying conditions, for example distinguishing wind tunnel conditions and numerical results, or different roughness conditions. Also, for each configuration, multiple sets of polars can be defined at varying Reynolds number. Note that for every set of polars the user can opt to specify the unsteady parameters often required by aeroelastic models.
An example of the FFA-W3-211 airfoil used in the IEA-15MW turbine is shown below.
T_VL: 11
b1: 0.14
b2: 0.53
A1: 0.3
A2: 0.7
A5: 1.0
S1: 0.0
S2: 0.0
S3: 0.0
S4: 0.0
St_sh: 0.19
cm0: 0.0
k0: 0.0
k1: 0.0
k2: 0.0
k3: 0.0
k1_hat: 0.0
x_cp_bar: 0.2
UACutout: 45
filtCutOff: 20
rthick: 0.5
- name: FFA-W3-211
coordinates:
x: [1.0, 0.99944304, 0.99812049, 0.99569352, 0.99230484, 0.98802844, 0.98281508, 0.97666422, 0.96964069, 0.96174313, 0.95297315, 0.94338928, 0.93301284, 0.92185147, 0.90995468, 0.89736121, 0.88408503, 0.8701629, 0.85565276, 0.84057695, 0.82497463, 0.80889455, 0.79236237, 0.77542101, 0.75812546, 0.7405018, 0.72259209, 0.70444539, 0.68608843, 0.66757021, 0.64892678, 0.63018643, 0.61140138, 0.59259673, 0.57380843, 0.5550757, 0.53641763, 0.51787958, 0.49948103, 0.48125155, 0.46322225, 0.44540666, 0.42784323, 0.41053864, 0.39352525, 0.37681123, 0.36041977, 0.34436494, 0.32865846, 0.31331898, 0.29834798, 0.2837658, 0.26956679, 0.25577362, 0.2423778, 0.22939648, 0.21681735, 0.20465763, 0.19290757, 0.18157496, 0.17065819, 0.16014896, 0.15005511, 0.14035465, 0.1310675, 0.12216148, 0.11365876, 0.10553619, 0.09779065, 0.09042902, 0.08341621, 0.07677403, 0.0704692, 0.06450016, 0.05888182, 0.05356799, 0.04857581, 0.04389793, 0.03949498, 0.03539484, 0.03157626, 0.02800644, 0.02471592, 0.02168071, 0.01886319, 0.01629514, 0.0139662, 0.01181764, 0.00988361, 0.00818368, 0.00663128, 0.00524853, 0.00408271, 0.00308998, 0.00219098, 0.00145967, 0.00096333, 0.00059878, 0.00028988, 7.804e-05, 0.0, 7.807e-05, 0.00029009, 0.00059937, 0.00096448, 0.00146264, 0.00219661, 0.00309879, 0.00409516, 0.00526774, 0.00665839, 0.00821941, 0.00993095, 0.01187982, 0.01404463, 0.01639219, 0.01898469, 0.02182867, 0.02489252, 0.02822001, 0.03182924, 0.03568998, 0.03984236, 0.04430035, 0.04903788, 0.05410025, 0.05948747, 0.06518787, 0.07124791, 0.07764648, 0.08439704, 0.0915234, 0.09900711, 0.10688721, 0.11514762, 0.12380644, 0.13287211, 0.14233176, 0.1522146, 0.16249918, 0.17321393, 0.18434125, 0.19590296, 0.20788328, 0.22029378, 0.23312344, 0.24637487, 0.26004146, 0.27412439, 0.28861129, 0.30349962, 0.3187741, 0.33443448, 0.35045732, 0.36684322, 0.38356093, 0.40060975, 0.41795607, 0.4355933, 0.4534925, 0.47163211, 0.48999236, 0.50853595, 0.52724867, 0.5460886, 0.5650309, 0.58404504, 0.603088, 0.62213765, 0.64114752, 0.66008031, 0.67890619, 0.69757164, 0.71604492, 0.73429135, 0.75225234, 0.76989792, 0.78719153, 0.80407383, 0.82051349, 0.83646946, 0.85189026, 0.86674791, 0.8810097, 0.89461041, 0.90752456, 0.9197304, 0.9311753, 0.94182765, 0.95167536, 0.96067486, 0.96878747, 0.97601191, 0.98233053, 0.98768615, 0.99208631, 0.99557391, 0.99806302, 0.99942968, 1.0]
y: [0.00094, 0.00103065, 0.00124638, 0.00164402, 0.00220291, 0.00291409, 0.00378945, 0.00483319, 0.0060382, 0.00740799, 0.00894481, 0.01063951, 0.01252416, 0.014572, 0.01679743, 0.01918007, 0.02174274, 0.0244546, 0.02734973, 0.03038334, 0.0335578, 0.03687673, 0.04034551, 0.04394717, 0.04766271, 0.0514856, 0.05540822, 0.05935846, 0.06338795, 0.06740015, 0.07143043, 0.07541763, 0.07938054, 0.08322037, 0.08694859, 0.09053734, 0.0939943, 0.09729729, 0.10036579, 0.10331235, 0.10607106, 0.10853282, 0.11080624, 0.11273489, 0.11446777, 0.11590406, 0.11702887, 0.11783286, 0.11838114, 0.11853, 0.11841639, 0.11788959, 0.1171256, 0.11610432, 0.11482051, 0.1132508, 0.11140878, 0.10943488, 0.10728747, 0.10495952, 0.10246481, 0.09993483, 0.09720396, 0.0944128, 0.09156945, 0.08863322, 0.08564543, 0.082602, 0.07954082, 0.07647418, 0.07338251, 0.07029227, 0.06719918, 0.06411436, 0.06106016, 0.05802518, 0.05503441, 0.05207936, 0.04914881, 0.04627113, 0.04344932, 0.0406615, 0.03795784, 0.03530762, 0.03269165, 0.03015797, 0.02768421, 0.02525671, 0.02291827, 0.02065439, 0.01838965, 0.01632704, 0.01433576, 0.0122789, 0.01000166, 0.00710112, 0.0046218, 0.00275976, 0.00126291, 0.00032267, 0.0, -0.00031745, -0.00119506, -0.00249968, -0.0040402, -0.00605796, -0.00861062, -0.01064741, -0.01229951, -0.01388914, -0.01542391, -0.01691326, -0.018543, -0.02029739, -0.02206055, -0.02383464, -0.02571335, -0.02764445, -0.02960227, -0.03162977, -0.03370972, -0.03582576, -0.03799324, -0.04020728, -0.04245258, -0.04473761, -0.04705148, -0.04938937, -0.05176912, -0.05417055, -0.0565876, -0.05901518, -0.06144042, -0.0638658, -0.06627274, -0.06864841, -0.07099827, -0.07329403, -0.07554549, -0.07773395, -0.07982626, -0.08182466, -0.08370902, -0.08544832, -0.08703499, -0.08846568, -0.08971729, -0.09075297, -0.09157733, -0.0921612, -0.09245766, -0.09247435, -0.09216287, -0.09149343, -0.09046835, -0.08903859, -0.08720695, -0.08496013, -0.08226184, -0.07911059, -0.07550249, -0.07147457, -0.0670522, -0.06234033, -0.05743173, -0.05235704, -0.04718857, -0.04196804, -0.03681547, -0.03177633, -0.02692515, -0.02230712, -0.01797987, -0.01398064, -0.01032443, -0.00703746, -0.00411605, -0.00155747, 0.00059313, 0.00235599, 0.00375549, 0.00481536, 0.00553358, 0.00595799, 0.00609949, 0.00599693, 0.00565716, 0.00513478, 0.00447175, 0.00377384, 0.00309945, 0.00245775, 0.00185661, 0.00130603, 0.00082003, 0.00040675, 6.986e-05, -0.00017578, -0.00031253, -0.00037]
aerodynamic_center: 0.25
description: FFA-W3-211 (Re=1.00e+07)FFA-W3 airfoil data for 10 MW sized rotor, computed using EllipSys2D v16.0, 70% free transition, 30% fully turbulent, 360 deg extrapolated using AirfoilPreppy, no 3D correction. F Zahle, DTU Wind Energy 11 May 2017
polars:
- configuration: default
re_sets:
- re: 10000000.0
cl:
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aerodynamic_center: 0.25
description: FFA-W3-241 (Re=1.00e+07)FFA-W3 airfoil data for 10 MW sized rotor, computed using EllipSys2D v16.0, 70% free transition, 30% fully turbulent, 360 deg extrapolated using AirfoilPreppy, no 3D correction. F Zahle, DTU Wind Energy 11 May 2017
polars:
- configuration: default
re_sets:
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cl:
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eta_e: 1.0
T_f0: 3.0
T_V0: 6.0
T_p: 1.7
T_VL: 11
b1: 0.14
b2: 0.53
A1: 0.3
A2: 0.7
A5: 1.0
S1: 0.0
S2: 0.0
S3: 0.0
S4: 0.0
St_sh: 0.19
cm0: 0.0
k0: 0.0
k1: 0.0
k2: 0.0
k3: 0.0
k1_hat: 0.0
x_cp_bar: 0.2
UACutout: 45
filtCutOff: 20
rthick: 0.241
- name: FFA-W3-270blend
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aerodynamic_center: 0.25
description: FFA-W3-270blend (Re=1.00e+07)FFA-W3 airfoil data for 10 MW sized rotor, computed using EllipSys2D v16.0, 70% free transition, 30% fully turbulent, 360 deg extrapolated using AirfoilPreppy, no 3D correction. F Zahle, DTU Wind Energy 11 May 2017
polars:
- configuration: default
re_sets:
- re: 10000000.0
cl:
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T_f0: 3.0
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T_p: 1.7
T_VL: 11
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k1_hat: 0.0
x_cp_bar: 0.2
UACutout: 45
filtCutOff: 20
rthick: 0.27
- name: FFA-W3-301
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aerodynamic_center: 0.25
description: FFA-W3-301 (Re=1.00e+07)FFA-W3 airfoil data for 10 MW sized rotor, computed using EllipSys2D v16.0, 70% free transition, 30% fully turbulent, 360 deg extrapolated using AirfoilPreppy, no 3D correction. F Zahle, DTU Wind Energy 11 May 2017
Note that in this example only one configuration of polars at a single Re number is defined. The user can define multiple configurations by adding more entries to the polars field. The polars field is a list of dictionaries, where each dictionary represents a different configuration of polars. Multiple sets of polars for the same configuration under different Re numbers can be defined by adding more entries to the re_sets field. The re_sets field is a second list of dictionaries, where each dictionary represents polars at varying Reynolds.
Materials#
The materials section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the materials used in the wind turbine. The details of each entry are discussed in the page Detailed Documentation. An example of the material glass_biax used in the IEA-15MW turbine is shown below.
polars:
- configuration: default
re_sets:
- re: 10000000.0
cl:
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cd:
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cm:
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eta_e: 1.0
T_f0: 3.0
T_V0: 6.0
T_p: 1.7
T_VL: 11
b1: 0.14
b2: 0.53
A1: 0.3
A2: 0.7
A5: 1.0
S1: 0.0
S2: 0.0
S3: 0.0
S4: 0.0
St_sh: 0.19
cm0: 0.0
k0: 0.0
k1: 0.0
k2: 0.0
k3: 0.0
k1_hat: 0.0
x_cp_bar: 0.2
UACutout: 45
filtCutOff: 20
rthick: 0.301
- name: FFA-W3-330blend
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aerodynamic_center: 0.25
description: FFA-W3-301 (Re=1.00e+07)FFA-W3 airfoil data for 10 MW sized rotor, computed using EllipSys2D v16.0, 70% free transition, 30% fully turbulent, 360 deg extrapolated using AirfoilPreppy, no 3D correction. F Zahle, DTU Wind Energy 11 May 2017
polars:
- configuration: default
re_sets:
- re: 10000000.0
cl:
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eta_e: 1.0
T_f0: 3.0
T_V0: 6.0
T_p: 1.7
T_VL: 11
b1: 0.14
b2: 0.53
A1: 0.3
A2: 0.7
A5: 1.0
S1: 0.0
S2: 0.0
S3: 0.0
S4: 0.0
St_sh: 0.19
cm0: 0.0
k0: 0.0
k1: 0.0
k2: 0.0
k3: 0.0
k1_hat: 0.0
x_cp_bar: 0.2
UACutout: 45
filtCutOff: 20
rthick: 0.33
- name: FFA-W3-360
coordinates:
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aerodynamic_center: 0.25
description: FFA-W3-360 (Re=1.00e+07)FFA-W3 airfoil data for 10 MW sized rotor, computed using EllipSys2D v16.0, 70% free transition, 30% fully turbulent, 360 deg extrapolated using AirfoilPreppy, no 3D correction. F Zahle, DTU Wind Energy 11 May 2017
polars:
- configuration: default
re_sets:
- re: 10000000.0
cl:
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cd:
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cm:
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eta_e: 1.0
T_f0: 3.0
T_V0: 6.0
T_p: 1.7
T_VL: 11
b1: 0.14
b2: 0.53
A1: 0.3
A2: 0.7
A5: 1.0
S1: 0.0
S2: 0.0
S3: 0.0
S4: 0.0
St_sh: 0.19
cm0: 0.0
k0: 0.0
k1: 0.0
k2: 0.0
k3: 0.0
k1_hat: 0.0
x_cp_bar: 0.2
UACutout: 45
filtCutOff: 20
rthick: 0.36
materials:
- name: Gelcoat
orth: 0
rho: 1235.0
E: 3440000000.0
G: 1323000000.0
nu: 0.3
alpha: 0.0
Xt: 74000000.0
Xc: 87000000.0
S: 21260000.0
GIc: 303
GIIc: 3446
alp0: 53
ply_t: 0.0005
waste: 0.25
unit_cost: 7.23
manufacturing_id: 0
- name: steel
description: Steel of the tower and monopile ASTM A572 Grade 50
source: http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=9ced5dc901c54bd1aef19403d0385d7f
orth: 0
rho: 7800
alpha: 0.0
E: 200000000000.0
nu: 0.3
G: 79300000000.0
GIc: 0
GIIc: 0
alp0: 0.0
Xt: 450000000.0
Xc: 450000000.0
S: 0
Xy: 345000000.0
m: 3
unit_cost: 0.7
- name: steel_drive
description: Steel of the drivetrain ASTM 4140 40Cr1Mo28
source: http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=38108bfd64c44b4c9c6a02af78d5b6c6
orth: 0
rho: 7850
alpha: 0.0
E: 205000000000.0
nu: 0.3
G: 80000000000.0
GIc: 0
GIIc: 0
alp0: 0.0
Xt: 814000000.0
Xc: 814000000.0
S: 0
Xy: 485000000.0
m: 3
unit_cost: 0.9
- name: cast_iron
description: Cast iron for hub and nacelle components
source: TODO
orth: 0
rho: 7200
alpha: 0.0
E: 118000000000.0
nu: 0.3
G: 47600000000.0
GIc: 0
GIIc: 0
alp0: 0.0
Xt: 310000000.0
Xc: 310000000.0
S: 0
Xy: 265000000.0
m: 3
unit_cost: 0.5
- name: glass_uni
description: Vectorply E-LT-5500, Epikote MGS RIMR 135/Epicure MGS RIMH 1366 epoxy
source: MSU composites database 3D property tests, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, Daniel, I & Ishai, O., 1994, pg. 34
orth: 1
rho: 1940.0
E: [44600000000.0, 17000000000.0, 16700000000.0]
G: [3270000000.0, 3480000000.0, 3500000000.0]
nu: [0.262, 0.35, 0.264]
Xt: [609200000.0, 38100000.0, 15290000.0]
Xc: [474710000.0, 112640000.0, 113220000.0]
Control#
The control section of the turbine YAML file provides detailed specifications for the wind turbine control system. It includes the following subfields:
supervisory: Defines the parameters of the supervisory control systempitch: Defines the parameters of the pitch control systemtorque: Defines the parameters of the torque control systemyaw: Defines the parameters of the yaw control system
The details of each field are discussed in the page Detailed Documentation. An example of the control section of the IEA-15MW turbine is shown below.
S: [18910000.0, 17240000.0, 13160000.0]
m: 10
GIc: 303
GIIc: 3446
alp0: 53
fvf: 0.57
fwf: 0.7450682696347697
ply_t: 0.005
unit_cost: 1.87
waste: 0.05
fiber_density: 2535.5
area_density_dry: 7.227162215457267
manufacturing_id: 5
- name: CarbonUD
E: [114500000000.0, 8390000000.0, 8390000000.0]